Heart rhythm disorders.

Abstract

Heart rhythm disorders, also known as arrhythmias, represent a group of conditions characterized by abnormalities in the rate, regularity, or sequence of cardiac electrical activity. These disorders may manifest as tachycardia, bradycardia, or irregular heartbeats and can occur in both healthy individuals and patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases. The etiology of arrhythmias is multifactorial and includes structural heart disease, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, endocrine disorders, autonomic dysfunction, and adverse drug effects. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic cases to severe symptoms such as palpitations, syncope, chest pain, and sudden cardiac death. Early diagnosis using electrocardiography and appropriate management are essential to reduce complications and improve patient outcomes.