Tetralogy of fallot.

Abstract

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease and is characterized by a combination of four anatomical abnormalities: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. These structural defects result in decreased pulmonary blood flow and mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, leading to chronic hypoxemia and cyanosis. Clinical manifestations usually appear in early infancy and include cyanosis, dyspnea, failure to thrive, and characteristic “tet spells.” Advances in diagnostic techniques, particularly echocardiography, allow for early detection of the condition. Surgical correction remains the definitive treatment and has significantly improved survival rates and long-term outcomes. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with Tetralogy of Fallot