Epidemiology of complications after surgical interventions.

Abstract

Postoperative complications remain one of the leading causes of increased morbidity, mortality, and economic costs in surgical practice. Despite significant progress in surgical technologies, anesthetic management, and postoperative patient care, the incidence of complications after surgical interventions remains high and varies depending on the type of surgery, the urgency of the intervention, the patient's age, and the presence of comorbidities. This article examines the main epidemiological characteristics of postoperative complications, their prevalence, structure, and risk factors for their development. Particular attention is paid to infectious complications, thromboembolic events, and cardiovascular disorders as the most significant causes of adverse outcomes. The medical and social consequences of postoperative complications are analyzed, including an increased length of hospital stay, increased financial costs, and a decrease in the quality of life of patients. The data obtained emphasize the need to implement comprehensive preventive programs and improve the epidemiological surveillance system in surgical hospitals.